Smacking ban should not be placed free essay sample

To discipline is to teach or instruct; which in this case usually refers to helping children learn self-control. When parents speak of discipline, they usually mean domestic corporal punishment. Domestic corporal punishment is a form of physical punishment that involves the parent or guardian in the home smacking or â€Å"striking (someone or something), typically with the palm of the hand and as a punishment this is usually done by using small amount of force for the purpose of disciplining a child in order to discourage attitudes or behaviour deemed unacceptable. Over the past six months a debate has arisen over whether Australia should adopt a law that makes parents smacking their children a crime. As it is a matter of personal choice, parents should be allowed to smack their kid’s, many Australian parents believe it is their right and that it should not be a crime for parents to smack their children as a means of discipline. We will write a custom essay sample on Smacking ban should not be placed or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Surveys conducted have displayed that an overwhelming 80-90% of Australian adults support the occasional necessity of mild physical punishment of misbehaving children by their parents. This points to the widespread belief that parents have a responsibility to give reasonable physical punishment if it is not random or unreasonable and does not cause harm to the child. This is almost always tied to a legitimate belief that it was the only way to control their child’s behaviour and intended to teach the child that the behaviour they displayed was not safe or socially acceptable. In fact, there is research to suggest that smacking a child up to the age of six can improve their standard of life in later years. Responses from the public have shown that any law that seriously intends to prohibit smacking would be unenforceable. Most parental disciplining of children occurs at home and therefore cannot be directly observed by law enforcement officers and others who might otherwise persecute them for their disciplinary methods. A majority of Australians support parents right to use reasonable corporal punishment to discipline their children. It would it be impossible to enforce a law that makes it illegal for parents to smack their children. There is no possible way that households could be monitored in order to ensure that this law is upheld by parents without families having their basic right of privacy, violated. In regards to enforcing such a law, Child psychologist Michael Carr-Gregg asserted, How could you reasonably monitor and enforce such a law? What are we going to do? Have the smacking police? he stated in article published in The Age in 2013. The Victorian Opposition Leader, Daniel Andrews, has also stated, Parenting is hard and its not made any easier by unenforceable and intrusive proposals like this. Apart from that, children are already protected under assault laws and studies have shown that moderate physical punishment will develop more resilient and successful children. For the Government to even try to enforce this law and set up home surveillance to prevent children from being smacked they would need to use an absurd amount of tax payers money causing an uproar from parents everywhere as this law would already be infringing their rights but now also be invading their privacy. Their homes would no longer be their homes. There would be no freedom for families to discipline their child with ‘reasonable’ action without fear of punishment though they were previously entitled to by the law. In Australia, children are protected against abuse and assault in the same way all other Australian citizens are protected. In addition to these laws protecting Australian citizens from harm, numerous states have introduced laws that outline the manner in which parents may use physical punishment to discipline their children. The Crimes Amendment Act 2001 (NSW) introduced an amendment specifying that physical punishment by a parent should not harm a child more than briefly and specifies the parts of a childs body where a parent may inflict such punishment. The Act states that the punishment is not reasonable if it is applied to any part of the head or neck of the child, or if it is applied to any other part of the body of the child in such a way as to be likely to cause harm to the child that lasts for more than a short period. This amendment to the Crimes Act 1900 (NSW) did not entirely abolish the parental capacity for domestic corporal punishment, it also did not distinctly ban the use of physical force towards children, however it did introduce strict guidelines on what is acceptable which is a positive, considering that research results have suggested that physical discipline does not, in fact, cause harm to most children. . In Victoria, there is no legislation relevant to domestic corporal punishment by parents although there is a common law defence for parental use of corporal punishment. Victorian common law allows parents to carry out corporal punishment to their children if the punishment given is neither unreasonable nor excessive or in other words is a means of deterring a child from repeating an undesirable act or in any way harming the child. It is common across all states and territories in Australia, that any parental punishment is required to be ‘reasonable’ or acceptable if it does not cause harm to the child for more than a short period of time. It has been argued that a little physical punishment can result in an individual becoming more resilient. Harvard psychologist Professor Dan Kindlon has claimed, The body cannot learn to adapt to stress unless it experiences it. Indulged children are often less able to cope with stress because their parents have created an atmosphere where their whims are indulged, where they have always assumed that theyre entitled and that life should be a bed of roses. This suggests that those children who were indulged grow up to be more susceptible to a variety of psychological problems as they face reality because they are unaware of their boundaries. Claims that the use of moderate physical discipline during childhood results in the child being more successful later in life have also been made. A study recently conducted found that children who are smacked before the age of six perform better academically as teenagers, they are also more likely to engage in further studies than those who have never been physically disciplined. The study, which was conducted by Marjorie Gunnoe, professor of Psychology at Calvin College in the United States state of Michigan, established that from the results collected there was not enough evidence to prove that physical discipline harmed most children. Professor Gunnoe stated, The claims that are made for not spanking children fail to hold up. There are those that argue that smacking a child is an unnecessary form of physical abuse, that it causes real harm to children and that it should be outlawed. However, what these people fail to see is that a smack is not hitting or punching, but rather a light tap to remind children to stop their negative behaviour. As this is the case, their argument against smacking is mute. It is unlikely that the corporal punishment of children by their parents will be made illegal in Australia, at least in the immediate future. Popular support for parental corporal punishment of children is high and government intervention in the area is generally seen as intrusive and unlikely to be effective. It is an area that presents major enforcement issues if it were to be deemed illegal; the crime would occur largely within the home and would raise major reporting difficulties. If the punishment is not excessive and is reasonable, parents should be allowed to administer the appropriate form of punishment for their child. After all, who knows what is best for a child if not their own parents?

In all aspects of life Essay Example

In all aspects of life Essay Example In all aspects of life Essay In all aspects of life Essay Change Management differs in that it is the process, tools and techniques used to manage the human side of change to meet the required business need. Change Management employs the organizational tools used to help staff/individuals make a successful transition during the change process. The organization that I work for is called NEXUS, and it is the body that is charged with running and maintaining an integrated public transport system within the Tine and Wear region. NEXUS is funded primarily by the five Local Authorities that it serves, these being: Newcastle, Gathered, North Densities, South Densities and Cumberland, and also by Central Government funding. Departments within the NEXUS organization are as follows:- Business Development; Communications; Customer Services; Finance and Resources; Health, Safety, Environment and Quality; and finally, Rail and Infrastructure. Rail and Infrastructure are the group that manages the assets and the invigoration and development of all of NEXUS physical assets, which include Nexus Rail, Metro Projects and Renewals, bus, ferry, and heavy rail infrastructure. The Building and Facilities Engineering team, of which I am a part of, are responsible for the inspection, maintenance, renewal and rapid-response activities in relation to the following engineering areas of the business, Plant, Fare Collection, Buildings, Structures and Trailside Graffiti. My immediate team consists of six Supervisors and approximately sixty men, including Electricians, Fitters, Civil Engineering Tradesmen, Semi-skilled and Apprentices, providing 2417 engineering and safety cover, 365 days a year ! NEXUS has a Mission Statement which states: Building for tomorrow through better transport today Due to the nature of the core activities of NEXUS, continual improvement, which is an on-going effort to improve products, services or processes, is a business necessity. This continual improvement can only be quantified by measuring quality standards. These quality standards may be legal/legislative, industry specific or in-house standards. Legislative standards, include such standards as the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974, Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COACH). SISSIES Quality Standards and Office of the Railways Regulator Standards (ORR). These are standards that are compulsory by law, and underpin all industry specific or in-house quality standards Industry specific standards, are trade specific and could include such standards as Institute of Electrical Engineers (IEEE 17th Edition), Network Rail Standards and the Buildings Regulations. These quality standards are mostly legally enforceable. Len- work control and Human Resources Policies. These are the day to day quality standards of the organization where detailed analysis of quality is measured. In the context of NEXUS, quality standards and continuous improvement are vital in that:- The health and safety of employees and the public is paramount, There needs to be high customer satisfaction and high patronage, There is a need for consistent, liable, effective, high performance, We need to give value for money whilst managing costs effectively, Nexus needs to be able to maintain its corporate goals/ strategy Quality and Continuous Improvement will mean that NEXUS will be able to continue to provide the same effective service that it does now. The public, and the employees will be adequately protected in their day to day activities. NEXUS will be able to justify its position as the provider of one of the most efficient integrated public transport providers in the world, and consequently, ensure continued funding to alp maintain the continuous improvement of the service provided. Patronage and readership will be maintained or improved due to the consistent, high quality public transport provided. NEXUS staff will be secure in their Jobs, and a confident, positive workforce will carry forward the continuous improvements required. The consequences of poor quality standards and failure to continuously improve within NEXUS could include some of the following scenarios:- Accidents, fatalities and lack of health and safety, Poor customer satisfaction, and consequent loss of revenue, Loss of stakeholder confidence (Tine and Wear Local Authorities) Withdrawal of operating license, and imposition of penalties, Outsourcing/Sub-contracting of work, Excessive costs, Loss of Jobs for NEXUS staff. IDENTIFY A CHANGE THAT IS REQUIRED In respect of the simple SOOT analysis carried out below, I have identified that there is a threat to fulfilling end of year targets during the month of March, due to staff having to use up their annual holiday allowances by the end of March. Staff have traditionally held on to part of their holiday entitlement, primarily Just in case they deed time off at short notice for a variety reasons outwit established procedures such as bereavement or paternity leave. This meaner that we are often short staffed, or incur a heavy overtime burden during March whilst trying to complete end of year objectives. Be allowed to carry over, up to four days of their annual holiday entitlement, into the following years entitlement. This procedure should be formalized, instead of being at their Managers discretion. This change will need to be initiated primarily, by Mr Michael Bollards, Building and Civil Engineering Manager, with consultation with he Head of Rail Infrastructure, Nexus Rail Human Resources and Trade Unions.

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 4

Business law - Essay Example A property based legal system is one that revolves around the notion of property – which is the legal right to exclude or keep others from interfering with one’s property, which is what one owns. Under this concept, there would be three kinds of property (a) public property which is owned by the Government (b) private property, which comprises the resources that an individual owns and (c) common property, which comprises land and other kind of property which people own jointly. There is greater incentive for people to develop those resources which they own because they can control what they produce.In the United States, the capitalist system and the free market allows individuals to develop, to freely benefit and profit from the property and resources that they own. Therefore, this provides them the incentive to work hard to develop their resources. For example, in the United States, I can use my talent and financial resources to start a small business and I will be ent itled to make as much profit as I can and keep most of that profit for myself. In a similar way, I will also have the right to enter into deals with other businesses and customers which will bring me the maximum profit and therefore I will have the incentive to work hard at my business to develop it.The property based system is one that is based on a free market system and that of private enterprise. The level of Government control is very low and it is easy for individuals to exercise ingenuity in developing successful business tactics to make the maximum profits.

Japan Airlines Flight 123 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Japan Airlines Flight 123 - Essay Example This report stresses that the investigations into the accident by the Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission pointed out to the fact that the accident was largely as a result of structural and mechanical factors. As has been mentioned, Japan Airlines Flight 123 had been involved in a tailstrike incident in 1978 at Osaka International Airport, and the accident damaged its rear pressure bulkhead. Several recommendations were made after the conclusion of the investigation of Japan Airlines Flight 123 accident. Airport, and as a result, it damaged its rear pressure bulkhead. This paper makes a conclusion that which is the worst single-aircraft accident ever. The Commission made a number of findings. The first one is the fact that the aircraft that was involved in this accident had been involved in an airstrike incident on 2 June 1978 at Osaka International Airport, and as a result, it damaged its rear pressure bulkhead. Secondly, it found that the subsequent bulkhead’s repair was not done in accordance to approved repair methods that have been recommended by Boeing. The recommendations of the investigation board were followed. This is demonstrated highly by in-service maintenance programs designed properly in Japan and across the world. In addition, reduced number of accidents from similar cause as of Japan Airlines Flight is a testimony that the recommendations were followed

LIFE FROM THE INSIDE OUT Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

LIFE FROM THE INSIDE OUT - Article Example Stevens is also director of the Golden Apple Art Residency located in Harrington, Maine. The following paper seeks to describe one painting from these paintings, in addition to what the painting means. The painting chosen for this paper is Slipping into the Velvet Past. This painting is shown in the picture below. Slipping into the Velvet Past is a painting created in 2011 whose medium is an oil painting on canvas. The painting is a large-scale painting from the series of paintings Journey: Life from the Inside out, measuring a height of 48 inches and a width of 60 inches width. The painting is a visual metaphor that describes various psychological stages that happen in a journey that persons embark on. It is a unique narrative that is also figurative. A woman referred to as Annara, a female figure who depicts the hope experienced during a journey, is telling the story narrated in this painting. She is seen resting with a white mask on her face and wearing a white dress. She rests curled up in the middle of dried velvety fallen leaves in a jungle. She depicts a sweet, innocent girl. Annara is seen in this painting with her eyes closed, as she peacefully awaits the unfolding of her life (www.ferris.edu, 2012). The young girl describes youth and the anticipation of life as it unfolds, waiting to experience the endless possibilities that await her. As a young person, Annara has little personal history of her life or any past failures that could stand in her way or discourage her. She is also a young person with no sense of danger to warn her of her wonderful future. All she has is her imaginations to impel and propel her to her future ahead. She is, therefore, in a pure and clean state and surrounded by hope and promise. This is demonstrated by her surrounding, an environment of natural coexistence that is not polluted by modern technology. As she lies down curled up like a baby, Annara describes fragility and delicateness in

Importance of Nursing Informatics in Nurses Daily Practice

Importance of Nursing Informatics in Nurses Daily Practice Introduction Data is the basic and the fundamental concept that this study focus on. Since there is no information can be acquired without availability of data (Ahsan and Shah, 2006). The data that we are talking about in this context is the clinical data, which is the data that gathered about patients in practice by clinicians (Millar et al., 2009). Pressure ulcer (PU) data is one of these data that collected by nurses in clinical settings, these involve all the elements of PU data, like; prevalence, incidence, risk assessment, ulcer grading, and prevention data. Data is a concept being of high interest in the discipline of nursing informatics. (Graves and Corcoran, 1989) define nursing informatics as a combination of computer science, information science and nursing science to assist in the management and processing of nursing data, information and knowledge, to support the practice of nursing and delivery of nursing care. So, the nursing informatics as a speciality begins with the basic concept data, as the present research did. Indeed, nursing informatics can be applied in four areas, that are summarised in the word CARE; clinical, administration, research and education areas (Hannah et al., 2006). In this study, the nursing informatics concepts chosen to be applied in a clinical oriented subject, which is PU. PU as one of the important clinical areas has been selected due to the importance of this problem, in term of its size and the costs of preventing and treating such problem, from one side, and due to limited numbers of previous works that relate the concept of nursing informatics to PU field, from other side. More specifically, this research has related the concept of nursing informatics on PU data. Nursing informatics deal with the data, that processed to support nursing care, and PU data is one of these data that should be processed to support the delivery of patient care. In this thesis, the recording of PU data in recording systems, either paper or electronic was explored, and the uses of these data in these records were identified. As has been recommended, more researches are needed to realize what need to be recorded in the recording systems and how this will be used (Urquhart et al., 2009). Personal motivations toward the research The researchers interest in this subject arose from the importance of nursing informatics in nurses daily practice. The nursing informatics specialists have a special role in using the information technology (IT) to enhance the safety, effectiveness, and quality of health care (Murphy, 2010). It is acknowledged that all providers of healthcare assumed to be skilled in exercising the IT to make decisions that lead to better care (Saba and McCormick, 2006). PU topic investigated due to its great importance. As a nurse used to work in clinical practice caring for PU patients, and observing the magnitude of the physical and psychological impacts of this problem on patients and their families life, the researcher decide to choose this area to be studied. Noticing many patients die because complications of this problem is an enough motivation to start digging in this area. First, to understand how PU data is recorded and used in practice, in effort to understand the difference between recording this data on paper and electronic record. Then, to realise the size of this problem in the researcher country Jordan, to make a reference data for health policy makers to adopt prevention programs in Jordan, there is no one in action yet. Statement of the problem PU is one of the health problems that are very common and prevalent, without accurate portrait of PU data, the problem will continue to grow. Nurses in clinical practice collect and record large volume of PU data every day. This data should be recorded and used appropriately in practice. Taken into considerations that recording and utilising of patients data is the fundamental role of any healthcare provider (Millar et al., 2009). Further, and in the second study, urgent identification of prevalence and prevention data in Jordan is necessary, especially that there is no previous works have been located. So, the primary focus of this study was on the problem of PU, identifying its size, the preventive measure provided to PU patients, and how its data recorded and utilised in practice. Overall Research Aim The overall research aim is to explore how PU data are recorded and utilised in clinical settings. This is the overall aim of the study, with many other secondary objectives for each study and method of the research, but all these objectives are come under the main aim of the study. The objectives of each method will be presented in the methodology chapter (chapter 3). Definition of terms From the general aim of the study, the reader can note that many terms have been used in formulating the aim. The following represent the operational definitions of each term presented in the study aim: PU data: raw facts that related to PU concept, like prevalence, risk assessment, ulcer grading, and prevention data. For instance; a prevalence rate for a specific ward is 5%, Waterlow risk assessment score is 10, patients PU grade is 4, and patient repositioned on his bed every 2 hours. All these are clinical data related to the PU problem. PU Data recording: recording and documenting of PU data that specified above into patients medical record, either this record held on paper or electronic format. PU Data utilization: the uses of the collected and recorded PU data in practice, what they are make of this data, what they are benefit from it. Clinical settings: the different care settings that usually collect, record and used patients clinical data, including PU data. Most commonly, it is composed from primary and secondary settings. Background to the study problem Scope of the problem European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel (EPUAP), are group has been lunched to guide all Europe nations in preventing and treating PUs. They define PU as: an area of localised damage to the skin and underlying tissue caused by pressure, shear, friction and or a combination of these (EPUAP, 1998). These ulcers, regardless of their basis, represent negative outcomes for patients; these negative outcomes may include pain (Reddy et al., 2003, GÃ ¼nes, 2008), longer hospital stays, where it can add about 7 days to a hospital admission (Anthony et al., 2004), decreased quality of life (Price, 1998, Neil and Munjas, 2000), and increased the spending of care provider time and costs (Alterescu, 1989, Clough, 1994, Severens et al., 2002a, Bennett et al., 2004). PUs have been regarded as the most physically debilitating complications in the twentieth century (Burdette-Taylor and Kass, 2002), and it is the third most costly problem after cancer and cardiovascular diseases in the Netherlands (Shahin et al., 2008). In fact, there are many complications for PUs, including infection, sepsis, and osteomyelitis (Thomas, 2001). It has been found that more than half (51%) of long term care patients with PUs have Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) infection (Capitano et al., 2003). Furthermore, PUs are linked with two-fold rates of increased mortality, regardless of the origin of the ulcer (Brem and Lyder, 2004). This is consistent with Landi et al (Landi et al., 2007) study, who investigated the connection between PU and the risk of one year all reasons mortality in a community of very elder people, and found a significant difference between the PU group and non-PU group in mortality rate, 29% vs. 14% (p

How the Environment Benefits from Recycling Essay -- How Recycling He

Care for a snack? Try the chocolate bar that comes in recyclable packaging, or maybe pick up a package of sustainable wood-fiber-filled baby diapers, or a no-animal-testing sunscreen, nontoxic spray cleaner, an entry form for a Prius giveaway or a cloth grocery bag for your shopping (Layton, 2014). Many products have become useful in so many ways that not recycling is harmful as well as unwise and uneconomical. There’s not enough room to throw trash all over the place, pollute, and simply not recycle. In order to understand the importance of recycling, people must first understand what recycling is, what it involves, and how it works. It is also important to know not only the effects of recycling but benefits as well. There are benefits to recycling paper, plastic, glass and aluminum; such as saving energy, saving money, reducing air pollution, and even creating jobs – which not only benefit the environment but the economy as well. Recycling is not a new concept; it has been around for years. Even in the times of war and the hard times, when famine, and widespread illness occurred, that’s when recycling of waste were made necessary because new materials were scarce. Recycling metals, jewelry, and coins were melted for weapons and other necessary goods (History of Recycling, 2014). By the late 1960s, the air, rivers and forests of North America were in serious disrepair as a result of massive industrial development. Rivers were catching fire, the sludge and debris dumped by factories igniting with the slightest spark. In a midsize city like Portland, Oregon, people were breathing air that polluted their lungs at the same level as smoking two packs of cigarettes a day (Layton, 2014). Forests were being leveled at an ala... ...of recycling - RecyclingCenters.org. (2014). Local Recycling Centers and Recycling Information and Statistics. Learn How to Recycle and Live Green -RecyclingCenters.org. Retrieved December 7, 2014, from http://www.recyclingcenters.org/history_of_ recycling.php Watson, S. (2014). HowStuffWorks "How did Earth Day start?". HowStuffWorks "People". Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://people.howstuffworks.com/culture- traditions/holidays/earth-day-qotd.htm West, L. (2014). Glass recycling - Benefits of glass recycling - Why recycle glass? Environmental Issues - News and Information about the Environment. Retrieved December 11, 2014, from http://environment.about.com/od/recycling/a/benefits_ of_glass_recycling.htm What Is a BTU? (2014). wiseGEEK: Clear Answers for Common Questions. Retrieved December 8, 2014, from http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-btu.htm

Can feminism be thought of as a theory of law Essay

As a concept, feminism is very much a modern notion within legal circles, which aims to eradicate any prejudice against women’s rights. This in a society strongly founded upon a male-orientated legal system, which historically fails to recognise the social and legal rights of women, and instead focuses upon â€Å"male-orientated theories and ideologies.†1 It is this patriarchy that feminists thrive to eliminate. The essence of patriarchy is emphasised by the Marxist legal theory, developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels in the 19th Century, which places no emphasis upon gender, and consequently belittles the feminists fight for gender equality. Juxtaposed with the rigid Marxist approach to legal rule is the postmodernist dialect that offers a â€Å"positive method of forcing individuals to confront and change the rigid contexts and structures (including laws) within which they have arbitrarily confined themselves.†2 The ideology of feminism is split into three distinct categories, all of which work towards one common goal of removing gender prejudices: 1) Liberal feminism is grounded in â€Å"classical liberal thinking that individuals should be free to develop their own talents and pursue their own interests. Liberal feminists accept the basic organisation of our society but seek to expand the rights and opportunities of women. Liberal feminists support equal rights and oppose prejudice and discrimination that block the aspirations of women.†3 2) Socialist feminism is an evolution from Marxist conflict theory, essentially made in reaction to the little attention Marx paid to gender. Socialist feminists argue that the â€Å"bourgeois family must be restructured to end ‘domestic slavery’ in favour of some collective means of carrying out housework and child care. The key to this goal, in turn, is a socialist revolution that creates a state-centred economy operating to meet the needs of all. Such a basic transformation of society requires that women and men pursue their personal liberation together, rather than individually, as liberal feminists maintain.†4 3) The third form of feminism is radical feminism. This, as the name suggests is the most extreme version of feminism, it disregards the liberal theory as â€Å"superficial and inadequate,†5 and they claim that even a socialist revolution would not end patriarchy. Radical feminists strive to create a society free from any gender inequality by completely abolishing the cultural notion of gender. To look at these three forms of feminism an observer would be ignorant to discard feminism as having no legal influence, as it is clear to see from these that support for such movements is vast and comes in various forms, all of which attack the same enemy, patriarchy, albeit in differing manners. These differing methods are accentuated by recent developments and movements in society, particularly in the 20th Century these can be clearly highlighted by looking at the actions of the suffragettes in 1910, which illustrate a more active approach to campaigning. As previously mentioned feminist legal theories are a contemporary concept, for this reason a â€Å"radical new methodology in legal theory† is required in order to encompass the new issues raised by feminism as a legal theory. Such a new methodology could be found in the ‘critical legal theory’ method, as it would be able to incorporate feminist views such as the theory that a â€Å"male-orientated appreciation of law emphasises individualism and ‘rights’ at the expense of ‘female’ emphases upon interaction and cooperation.† 6 This approach is however, solely a theoretical one, and as such it does not entirely cover the needs of feminism, insofar as â€Å"feminism is only partially and peripherally concerned with academic theorising,†7 the major part of the work of feminism is to promote the â€Å"dissatisfactions of a wide spectrum of women,† which highlight the general inequality felt by women in regards to legal and social equality. Therefore critical legal studies, instead of acting as a definition, are rather a useful means of indicating the â€Å"explicit and implicit male orientation of law and legal administration and the resulting disadvantage and marginalisation often suffered by women.†8 This has led to the recognition of three fundamental elements which personify a feminist legal theory. â€Å"These are: a) asking the ‘woman question’, i.e. the extent of the presence and recognition of women’s experience in law; b) feminist practical reasoning, meaning a reasoning which proceeds from context and values difference and the experience of the unempowered; and c) consciousness raising, meaning an exploration of the collective experience of women through a sharing of individual experiences.†9 These three elements, outlined above by Katherine T. Bartlett, are designed to act as the source for future feminist legal theory development, particularly in respect of women’s outlook upon law with the intention of improving women’s legal position in the future â€Å"development or redevelopment of law.†10 The legal evolution, or, redevelopment, mentioned above is one in which women strive to see a revolution from an â€Å"inherently ‘male’ legal mindset implicitly discriminating against women because it is framed in terms of male experience which does not necessarily relate to that of women.†11 That is to say, that in numerous situations women are expected to mirror full-time, long-term and unionised male workers, when in reality women digress from this norm insofar as their working patterns tend to be far more interrupted and part-time. From this a clear paradox is produced, as feminists while thriving to be treated as the males equal simultaneously require a variant from this norm in order to account for their differing responsibilities. This attitude is stressed distinctly by the remarks of Joanne Conaghan and Louise Chudleigh, when they say, â€Å"labour law both embodies and conceals the gender division of labour and, by focusing exclusively on the world of paid work, ignores the differing responsibilities [of] †¦ men and women.†12 Such inadequacies within the legal system are numerous and ironically even legal structures that aim to eradicate gender discrimination can be seen to be based upon analogies created from â€Å"irrelevant, and sometimes outdated, male experience.† An unmistakable example of this is the treatment of maternity leave as analogous to the sick leave of their male counterpart. This is coupled by the notion that parenting is predominantly the female’s role, which is highlighted by the â€Å"very limited provisions for paternity leave.† 13 The underlying problem here is that, in order to be treated fairly and without any prejudice women are required to meet a norm set by existing male experiences which by there very nature do not create a balanced equality, and thus â€Å"existing legal standards and concepts disadvantage women†14 as they merely incorporate women into existing male-orientated legal structures, rather than recreating the legal structures so as to be established upon male and female requirements. The above mentioned relationship between female legal theory and critical legal studies creates a clear enhancement, in regards to political knowledge and understanding of feminists legal argument, and consequently for the female legal theory. The noticeable thing to emphasise from this is the â€Å"disadvantaging effect of concealed and frequently unrealised bias in a legal order which has for the most part developed from male rather than female experience,†15 and has therefore produced a rather lopsided legal system in favour of men. This prejudice has now been identified, thanks to the relationship between critical legal studies and feminist legal theory, this identification can be perceived as a significant legal stepping stone towards a legal system that not only incorporates females, but is instead founded upon female and male experiences resulting in an equality which is not merely all encompassing in terms of a male perspective, but rather an equality that is derived f rom the experiences of both genders. Strongly contrasting the accommodating nature of critical legal studies in relation to female legal theories, are those theories of law and society created by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels. Their creation, Marxism, a derivative of a much older proposition by Immanuel Kant that stated that, â€Å"every thesis has a contrary antithesis†16 and that eventual resolution of these two contradictory perspectives, through revolution, would end up creating an ‘absolute understanding’. This led to Marx placing specific importance upon an economic foundation from which all things within society, both social and political, are merely ‘superstructure.’ It is for this reason that Marxism has been described as being a distinctly materialistic theory. A strong contrast can be seen between the feminist legal theory, which bases its social beliefs at the apex of its legal structure, and the Marxist theory which states that â€Å"social understanding is seen as an ideological perception of the economic relations existing at a given time which will change as the underlying economic relationships alter.†17 Here it is clear that a Marxist approach would place very little emphasis upon the social question of gender inequality, but would instead focus upon an economic foundation with the speculation that if a high enough proportion of society feel a need to increase gender equality then a revolution would take place. For Marxism social revolution appears to be the basis for the theory to develop. It would therefore appear to be a theory that shows little appreciation for social needs, such as those displayed by the female legal theory. For feminists to advance their legal theory through a Marxist approach, the attitude of socialist feminists, as discussed above, would have to be adopted. That is to say that the â€Å"bourgeois family must be restructured to end ‘domestic slavery’ in favour of some collective means of carrying out housework and childcare. The key to this goal, in turn, is a socialist revolution that creates a state-centred economy operating to meet the needs of all. Such a basic transformation of society requires that women and men pursue their personal liberation together, rather than individually, as liberal feminists maintain.†18 This once again highlights the idea of a union between both genders, encompassing experiences from both so as to enable females not only to be incorporated into an existing legal structure but instead to recreate a legal structure based upon the needs and experiences of both genders. A legal theory that promotes the liberating philosophy required in order to create a society able to accept the alterations needed to adequately unify both genders in a legal sense is the ‘postmodern’ legal theory. This theory, commonly portrayed as a â€Å"recipe for relativism,†19 also displays the characteristics needed in order to force â€Å"individuals to confront and change the rigid contexts and structures (including laws) within which they have arbitrarily confined themselves.†20 In this sense it is the ideal method for women to promote and execute the installation of their female legal theory. As it would not only tolerate an amendment in the law to integrate women into existing law, but more than this it would allow them to â€Å"change the rigid contexts and structures† mentioned above, which have prevented the advancement of gender equality within the legal structure. However, postmodernism also raises some problems in relation to feminist jurisprudence. Hilaire Barnett states that â€Å"there must be developed critiques †¦ which reject the universalist, foundationalist, philosophical and political understanding offered by modernism†¦and in its place there exists diversity, plurality, competing rationalities, competing perspectives and uncertainty as to the potentiality of theory.†21 In general, here she is saying that women must resist generalising their condition within society, and instead focus upon the â€Å"multiplicity of subjectivities, identities, which inhere in the individual.†22 Overall, I believe feminism to be undoubtedly ‘fundamental in some way.’ The critical legal theory discussed above shows how society has failed to display mutuality, not only towards women as members of society but towards men and women, through an â€Å"improper discriminatory selectivity, generate alienation and, ultimately, disfunctionality in the working of a legal order.†23 This inequality has led to the recognition of three fundamental elements which personify a feminist legal theory. Resistance is however, met by a Marxist legal theory, which displays very little appreciation of gender issues. However, a feminist theory could be adopted through the Marxist ‘bourgeois’ revolutionary approach, which would see both genders uniting in a revolution to change the pre-adopted norms of society. This idea of changing preconceived rules and laws within society would allow a feminist legal theory to develop, an idea given weight to by the postmodern legal theory, which also places special emphasis upon withdrawing from a united generalisation of women and instead focusing upon them as individuals. Therefore, I would argue that ‘feminism’ can be thought of as a theory of law, albeit not on the same scale as other theories previously mentioned, such as Marxism. But it’s rapid evolution and recent political and legal enhancement within society makes it a theory with considerable weight, and certainly a theory ‘fundamental in some way.’ 1 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 2 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 3 Sociology A Global Introduction – John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer 4 Sociology A Global Introduction – John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer 5 Resisting Patriarchy: The Women’s Movement and Feminism 6 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 7 ‘Dworkin, Which Dworkin? Taking Feminism Seriously’ in P. Fitzpatrick and A. Hunt, eds., Critical Legal Studies (Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987), p.47.) 8 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 9 Katherine T. Bartlett, ‘Feminist Legal Method’ (1970) 103 Harv L Rev, 829 10 Katherine T. Bartlett, ‘Feminist Legal Method’ (1970) 103 Harv L Rev, 829 11 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 12 ‘Women in Confinement: Can Labour Law Deliver the Goods?’ In Critical Legal Studies, p. 133 at p. 137. 13 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 14 ‘Feminist Legal Methods’ (1970) 103 Harv L Rev , p.829 at p.837. 15 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 16 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 17 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 18 Sociology A Global Introduction – John J. Macionis and Ken Plummer 19 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 20 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White 21 H. Barnett, Introduction to Feminist Theory (London: Cavendish Publishers, 1998, p. 180. 22 H. Barnett Introduction to Feminist Jurisprudence, pp. 1179-80 23 Textbook on Jurisprudence – Hilaire McCoubrey and Nigel D. White

Mustafa essays

Mustafa essays Habà ­a una mujer muy chiquita que se llamaba Chiquità ­n. Chiquità ­n vivà ­a abajo de una calle. La calle estaba en una ciudad arbica, Mustafa. En Mustafa habà ­a mucho sol, y era muy caliente. Habà ­an muchas personas en Mustafa que podrà ­an hacer juegos malabares con espadas. Tambin habà ­an otras que podrà ­an hacerlo con antorchas. Chiquità ­n no tenà ­a ningà ºn centavo, y necesitaba robar comida cada dà ­a. Era muy fcil para Chiquità ­n porque ella era muy baja, y las personas no podrà ­an verla cuando ella robaba la comida. Cuando las personas miraban a Chiquità ­n, ella les mordà ­a a los dedos del pie, y se escapaba. Habà ­a una persona que se llamaba Pumba. Un dà ­a, Pumba fue al Mustafa. Pumba era muy grande, y tenà ­a una voz muy baja. Un dà ­a, Chiquità ­n intent robar comida de Pumba. Pumba pud sentir a Chiquità ­n, y la vio por debajo. Cuando Pumba vio para abajo, Chiquità ­n le pic a los dedos de Pumba muy rpidamente, pero Pumba la agar antes que lla hiciera mucho da - ¿Por qu ests robando comida de esas personas?- Pumba le pregunt a Chiquità ­n. -Porque yo no tengo comida, y por eso, necesito robar mis cosas,- respondi Chiquità ­n. - ¿Por que le ests picando a los dedos de las personas?- Si quieres comida, debieras preguntarme.- En este momento, Pumba pic a Chiquità ­n. -Por que haces eso?- pregunt Chiquità ­n. -Para que supiste como me siento,- repondio Pumba. -Mis dedos de mi pie me duelen mucho. Lo siento, Persona Grande. Que es tu nombre?- -Me llamo Chiquità ­n.  ¿Puedo tener un poquito de tu comida, Pumba?- ...

Free Essays on Immigrants

Many immigrants came and still continue to come to America. People came to America because of its freedom and all the opportunity. Many immigrants left their country because they couldn’t get a job, didn’t like the rules that they were forced to live under, or because they were being persecuted. Immigrants came to America to get away from all their difficulties and to start a new life in when they arrived in the US; unfortunately they also found a new set of difficulties. Many genres of literature and films have immigration as their main topic. An example is in the two poems â€Å"Immigrants† one by Pat Mora and the May Flower circulation poem by Robert Frost. Pat Mora’s poem is about how immigrants who came over and try to make their children as American as they can. They are so anxious for them to be a part of the American society. For example the first two lines are: â€Å"wrap their babies in the American flag, feed them mashed hot dogs an apple pie.† She used these lines in her poem to express that immigrant parents fed their children American food and taught them to love the country. Even though the parents wanted there kids to be just like normal Americans, they still wanted them to know their own culture. This is shown in line 9, â€Å"whisper in Spanish or Polish†. This shows that even though parents wanted their children to be adapted to American culture, they still spoke in their native language so their kids do not forget their nationality. Another example of a piece of literature that has immigrants, as the main topic is a poem by Robert Frost also called â€Å"Immigrants†. This poem is about how immigrants kept coming over to America. For example the second line is â€Å" have gathered people to us more and more†. This means that the US attracted more and more people, so more people emigrated over. Another line of the poem reads: â€Å"but Pilgrim manned the May Flower in a dream†. This tells us that ... Free Essays on Immigrants Free Essays on Immigrants Many immigrants came and still continue to come to America. People came to America because of its freedom and all the opportunity. Many immigrants left their country because they couldn’t get a job, didn’t like the rules that they were forced to live under, or because they were being persecuted. Immigrants came to America to get away from all their difficulties and to start a new life in when they arrived in the US; unfortunately they also found a new set of difficulties. Many genres of literature and films have immigration as their main topic. An example is in the two poems â€Å"Immigrants† one by Pat Mora and the May Flower circulation poem by Robert Frost. Pat Mora’s poem is about how immigrants who came over and try to make their children as American as they can. They are so anxious for them to be a part of the American society. For example the first two lines are: â€Å"wrap their babies in the American flag, feed them mashed hot dogs an apple pie.† She used these lines in her poem to express that immigrant parents fed their children American food and taught them to love the country. Even though the parents wanted there kids to be just like normal Americans, they still wanted them to know their own culture. This is shown in line 9, â€Å"whisper in Spanish or Polish†. This shows that even though parents wanted their children to be adapted to American culture, they still spoke in their native language so their kids do not forget their nationality. Another example of a piece of literature that has immigrants, as the main topic is a poem by Robert Frost also called â€Å"Immigrants†. This poem is about how immigrants kept coming over to America. For example the second line is â€Å" have gathered people to us more and more†. This means that the US attracted more and more people, so more people emigrated over. Another line of the poem reads: â€Å"but Pilgrim manned the May Flower in a dream†. This tells us that ...

Strategic Considerations within the European Union Framework Essay

Strategic Considerations within the European Union Framework - Essay Example This essay discusses that member states of European Union have been pilling pressure to the union following debts and recession crisis. Arguably, EU failed to offer protection to the interest of its members and their citizens thus leading lost of public support. Although it is not probable to argue that the turmoil has influenced the Europeans view to matters, other than its social influences, it may have influenced the engagement of European citizens to European projects. Strategic plans initiated by EU member states to counter the impact of the financial crisis, and the create employment is an indication of the impact of the economic crisis to the citizens of the Euro zone. A survey by â€Å"Transatlantic trend† argues financial turmoil affected 60% of the people interviewed compared to 55% of people affected by the crisis in 2009. Europeans show a lot of concern to development as revealed by the Euro-barometer, which provides a basis of gauging the crisis. Many believe that issues of immigration, insecurity, and environment are fundamental as issues relating to socio-economic issues. In the spring of 2007, major concern for most Europeans is the economic situation and inflation in 2008. Interviews conducted in spring of 2009 indicated economic turmoil as the major headache of most Europeans. Arguing from the report, 42% of people interviewed quoted economic recession as a threat. Unemployment was another factor alongside economic turmoil. It is arguable that economic slump has an effect on rate of employment since recession dislodges most people out of employment. Further, social crisis report produced in autumn 2009 indicates that 51% of citizens interviewed indicated unemployment as the major factor, which was ahead of insecurity by 19%, inflation by 19%, and healthcare by 14% respectively (Thierry, 2011:132). The above figures do not show the magnitude of the effects in a national scale in terms of social crisis. Apparently, many European nations a rgue that the economic nightmare has maimed their buying power. For instance, a study conducted by Smith & Grant (2003) and published in their book to evaluate the effects of the economic slump shows the following trend the Dutch claim 40% of its effects, Bulgarians feel 84%, Spanish 71%, and Romanians 89%. Euro-barometer flash survey indicates the significance of the effects of the economic crisis to the households in Europe. In addition, a look at the June 2010 survey results shows a big difference between northern and southern Europe (UK, Sweden, German, Denmark, Luxembourg, Netherlands, and France), in which at least 15% of citizens claim to have had challenges in paying their bills; including food, over the twelve months. The above observation varies with report from Southern Europe (Portugal, Spain, and Italy), in which economic crisis trend takes 17-20%, and in the Eastern Europe in which the economic turmoil takes 30% and (43% for Romania). It is arguable that the trend of e conomic nightmare in Europe takes the shape of social crisis (Thierry 2011:134). This argument leads to the questions as to whether a political crisis is looming, which will lead to increased conception with regard to the ability of the European Union to counter the crisis. In the recent past, observers still believe that euro is still a victor to the economic crisis. The observers argue that the joining of the European Union by the Icelandic countries is approve that euro could champion the crisis. Other observations are the determination by Baltic countries to introduce policies that would act to maintain a stable rate of exchange using euro as a single currency. According to Ronald & Saskia (2011:43), it is apparent that Europe alongside other continents in the world suffered economic recession towards the end of 2008 and beginning of 2009. However, it managed to avoid devaluation witnessed during 1930 economic turmoil. Largely, its

Entrepreneur - Mark Constantine and Their Company Strategy - Lush Assignment

Entrepreneur - Mark Constantine and Their Company Strategy - Lush Company - Assignment Example According to the paper, they established a strong business relationship with Anita, which enabled them to supply most of their products to Anita’s shop. The business developed very first and other founders were incorporated to the business such as Rowena Bird, Helen Ambrosen, Paul Greaves and Karl Bygrave joined the team to make the company a success. The headquarters of the company are locate in Poole, England. There were various beliefs and values that inspired the start of the company, they believed in the manufacture of fresh handmade products from natural ingredients and vital oils for personal care. Today the company has more than 650 stores across the globe with mail order services in 12 countries. The products in the company are made by hand and does its own distribution to its own retail stores. The company is associated withthe sale of cosmetic products and other innovative related product such as shampoo bars, bath ballistics and bubble bar slices. The main products though include, shower products, face and beauty products, bath products, hair products, body lotion and perfume. Innovation standards are very high in Lush Company and aspects such as differentiation, environmentally-friendly packaging and use of fresh ingredient are used to enhance their theme of innovation. Vegetables and fresh fruits are used in the manufacture of these products, which depending with the producer artisanal look and color are impeded to the product. They encourage that packaging is done with recyclable materials as a form of ethic. Lush company can be described as a company that deals with introduction of improved or new goods or services.Mission of the of the company can be described as the core strategy of the company, other core strategies include the scope of the products.